An Improved Model for Predicting the Drag Coefficient and Terminal Settling Velocity of Natural Sands in Newtonian Fluid
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The drag coefficient CD plays an important role in studying the interaction forces between individual particles and fluid. Due to the irregular particle shape of natural sands, studying the sedimentation characteristics and drag coefficient model of irregular particles is of great significance in explaining natural phenomena, predicting the sedimentation process, and calculating the interphase forces between individual particles and fluid. In this paper, firstly, an experimental system for measuring the settling velocity was built, the settling velocity of 67 tests of spheres with different particle Reynolds number Res in the Newtonian fluid were obtained, and the CD–Res correlation of sphere settling in the Newtonian fluid was established. The proposed CD–Res correlation was in good agreement with the existing classical CD–Res correlations, which proves the reliability of the experimental system and data processing method. Existing literature shows that the previous models are only suitable for irregular-shaped particles with three-dimensional shape-described parameters. However, the three-dimensional shape information of sand particles can only be obtained through accurate laboratory measurements, and it is often impossible to calculate accurately. By introducing the two-dimensional shape-described parameter (circularity c), using image analysis technology, the two-dimensional shape information of natural sands was obtained. The settling velocity of 221 tests of natural sands in the Newtonian fluid was obtained experimentally. It is found that the sand particles’ drag force exerted by the fluid is more significant than its equivalent sphere. With the increase in the particle Reynolds number, the shape irregularity’s influence on sand particle drag coefficient is more significant, and the CD–Res correlation of natural sand was proposed by fitting. The established CD–Res correlation has good prediction accuracy and can better predict the drag coefficient and terminal settling velocity of natural sand with irregular shapes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it