Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter explores the dramatic context in which the union of British settler colonies in North America was conceived, among them the Industrial Revolution, American Civil War, “Little Englandism,” and political deadlock in the United Canadas. After a framework for political union was established at conferences in Charlottetown and Quebec City in 1864, four colonies (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec) were brought together by the British North America Act passed in the British Parliament in 1867. The “dominion” of Canada quickly extended its boundaries by the acquisition of Rupert’s Land (1869-70); British Columbia (1871), Prince Edward Island (1873), and the Arctic (1880), essentially making the new nation-state a holding company for British territorial interests in North America. A national policy, orchestrated by Conservative Prime Minister John A. Macdonald, entailed the suppression of Métis and Indigenous peoples in the Northwest (who mounted rebellions led by Louis Riel in 1869 and 1885) to make way for agricultural settlement; building the transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railway; and the adoption of tariff walls to encourage industrial growth.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.042 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".