Integrated Optimization of Hybrid Steam-Solvent Processes in a Post-CHOPS Reservoir with Consideration of Wormhole Networks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this paper, an integrated technique has been developed to evaluate and optimize performance of hybrid steam-solvent processes in a post-cold heavy oil production with sand (CHOPS) reservoir with consideration of wormhole networks. A reservoir geological model is developed and calibrated by history matching reservoir pressure with oil, gas, and water production rates as the input constraints, while its wormhole network is characterized with a newly developed pressure-gradient-based (PGB) sand failure criterion conditioned to sand production. Once calibrated, the reservoir geological model incorporated with the wormhole network is then employed to evaluate and optimize performance of hybrid steam-solvent processes under various conditions, during which the net present value (NPV) is maximized with an integrated optimization algorithm by taking injection time, soaking time, production time, and injected fluid composition as controlling variables. It is found that a huff-n-puff process imposes a positive impact on enhancing oil recovery when wormhole network is fully generated and propagated. Addition of alkane solvents into CO2 stream leads to a higher oil recovery compared with that of the CO2 only method, while all hybrid steam-solvent injection achieve high oil recovery by taking advantage of both thermal energy and solvent dissolution. It is found that the NPV reaches its maximum value when the steam temperature is 200 °C for the optimized hybrid steam-solvent scenario.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".