Association between Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a common disease defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical performance. Alcohol consumption is an uncertain risk factor for sarcopenia. Previous observational epidemiological studies have reported inconsistent results regarding the association between alcohol consumption and sarcopenia risk. This study aimed to investigate the association between alcohol consumption and sarcopenia. A literature review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library through April 2022 using keywords related to alcohol consumption and sarcopenia. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using a random effects model meta-analysis. The risk of bias of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle−Ottawa scale. Nineteen observational studies that reported 3826 sarcopenia patients among 422,870 participants were included in the qualitative analysis. Alcohol consumption was not significantly associated with sarcopenia risk (OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.20; I2 = 60.6%). Alcohol consumption resulted in a non-significant decrease in the risk of sarcopenia in men (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.46 to 1.07; I2 = 0.0%) and in women (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.63 to 2.30; I2 = 75.8%). The subgroup analyses by age and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with an increased the risk of sarcopenia in <65 years (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.22 to 5.62; I2 = 100%). This meta-analysis of observational studies indicated that alcohol consumption was not significantly associated with sarcopenia risk. However, there are factors influencing the association between alcohol consumption and sarcopenia, such as smoking and dietary patterns. Additional study of these confounding factors is needed for the systematic analysis of the association of alcohol consumption with sarcopenia in future studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.018 | 0.038 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".