Identification of potential sex determination genes and functional analyses in <i>Neoseiulus californicus</i> under prey stress
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Phytoseiid mites are important natural enemies of spider mites. Sex-determination mechanism are important basic scientific issues in the reproduction and evolution of predatory mites. Clarifying sex-determination mechanism may provide reference for exploring genetic approach to have the phytoseiid mites produce more female offspring, which could improve their effectiveness as a biological control agent. RESULTS: We used transcriptome sequencing to identify and characterize 20 putative sex-determination genes in the phytoseiid mite Neoseiulus californicus, a species with uncommon pseudo-arrhenotoky, including doublesex-like (dsx1-like), transformer-2 (tra-2), intersex (ix), and fruitless-like (BTB2). A significant negative correlation was found between prey stress and offspring sex ratio. But the most genes identified showed no difference in expression between the groups with lowest and highest female offspring ratios. The hatching rate and sex ratio of female offspring were reduced when the ix gene was silenced, and the oviposition days and fecundity were reduced when the BTB2 gene was silenced. The fecundity was reduced when the tra2 gene was silenced and the snf gene is essential for oviposition in female. There was no effect on reproduction and female sex determination when silencing the dsx1-like and dsx2-like gene. CONCLUSION: The genes BTB2, tra2 and snf are involved in oviposition, and ix may be involved in female sex determination and egg formation in Neoseiulus californicus. The results are conductive to further understanding molecular regulatory mechanism of sex determination in predatory mites and may provide a reference for better use of this predatory by producing more females. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".