Continuous theta burst stimulation over left supplementary motor area facilitates auditory-vocal integration in individuals with Parkinson’s disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that impairment in auditory-vocal integration characterized by abnormally enhanced vocal compensations for auditory feedback perturbations contributes to hypokinetic dysarthria in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, treatment of this abnormality remains a challenge. The present study examined whether abnormalities in auditory-motor integration for vocal pitch regulation in PD can be modulated by neuronavigated continuous theta burst stimulation (c-TBS) over the left supplementary motor area (SMA). After receiving active or sham c-TBS over left SMA, 16 individuals with PD vocalized vowel sounds while hearing their own voice unexpectedly pitch-shifted two semitones upward or downward. A group of pairwise-matched healthy participants was recruited as controls. Their vocal responses and event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured and compared across the conditions. The results showed that applying c-TBS over left SMA led to smaller vocal responses paralleled by smaller P1 and P2 responses and larger N1 responses in individuals with PD. Major neural generators of reduced P2 responses were located in the right inferior and medial frontal gyrus, pre- and post-central gyrus, and insula. Moreover, suppressed vocal compensations were predicted by reduced P2 amplitudes and enhanced N1 amplitudes. Notably, abnormally enhanced vocal and P2 responses in individuals with PD were normalized by c-TBS over left SMA when compared to healthy controls. Our results provide the first causal evidence that abnormalities in auditory-motor control of vocal pitch production in PD can be modulated by c-TBS over left SMA, suggesting that it may be a promising non-invasive treatment for speech motor disorders in PD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".