An Intelligent, Two-Stage, In-Vehicle Diagnostic-Based Secured Framework
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent research interests have been directed to study the security of vehicles due to the advancement of their technologies. Due to the rapid growth and accelerated development of electronic control units (ECUs), they are countered to be exploited by external attacks. As a result, recent research efforts have been focused on investigating alternative countermeasures that might be implemented by introducing different intrusion detection systems (IDSs). The problem with some of IDSs is the location of their deployment because of the ECU limitations and constraints. Other introduced IDSs require severe changes in the in-vehicle network, which is not preferred by vehicle manufacturers. In this research, we introduce a novel design of a framework to check the state of the vehicle and capture possible attacks by detecting any malicious data in the diagnostic parameters of the vehicle. The framework is divided into two phases: the specific-based detection phase and the anomaly-based detection phase. The proposed system employs the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm to detect anomalies in diagnostic data and it is optimized by a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). The model is verified against two datasets collected from real vehicles. To generate anomalies in datasets, an attack generation algorithm is introduced. The model is trained on a dataset that contains different attack types and verified blindly against various attacks that have not been seen before. The framework’s experimental results show that it can detect abnormalities with accuracy 97.00% for the Seat Leon 2018 dataset and 97.49% for the KIA SOUL dataset.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".