Optimal Placement of GIC Blocking Devices Considering Transformer Thermal Limit Using Surrogate Optimization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents an approach for the optimal placement of Blocking Devices (BD) on the neutral of high voltage transformers to prevent the power system from the impacts of geomagnetically induced current (GIC) caused by geomagnetic disturbance (GMD). GIC flowing along transmission lines and through the transformers in power systems can be attributed to problems ranging from overheating of power transformers, harmonic generation, and voltage collapse due to half-cycle saturation of power transformers. To prevent the power system and its equipment from the adverse effects of GMD, blocking devices (BD) can be placed to block the GIC flow in the transformers. However, the BD placement is a complex problem, so an optimization technique is employed for BD placement using Surrogate Optimization in MATLAB that minimizes the number and costs of BDs, maintaining the hotspot temperature of transformers below the maximum limit and voltage profile of the power system above minimum permissible voltage. The results illustrate the effectiveness of the approach in the IEEE 118 bus benchmark system for different levels of GMD and show a noticeably different solution when considering transformer hotspot heating,
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".