Comparing Relative Bond Characteristics Between Spherical and Elongated Morphologies for Cold Spray Process Using SPH Simulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Under cold spray conditions, the modified Johnson–Cook model was adopted to perform single and multiple particle simulation for spherical and elongated aluminum alloy- Al-6061 feedstock particles. The splat formations were realistically presented; the temperature evolution throughout the deposition process stayed below the melting point of Al-6061, and the feedstock particles exhibited restitution for impact velocities lower than 200 m/s. Feedstock particles with elongated morphology experienced a lower elastic strain energy level than spherical morphology after impact, which implied the relative bond strength was higher for elongated particles than spherical particles. The displacement curves in single particle simulations for both morphologies suggested a spherical particle experienced a greater shock than the elongated particle upon impact. The relative bond strength achieved by multiple particle impact was lower than the single particle impact, even though the displacement curves showed the feedstock particles were individually embedded in the substrate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".