Experimental diesel spray characterization of the medium-duty injector with single- and multi-hole nozzle configurations under non-reacting, non-vaporizing conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Characteristics of diesel sprays injected through Cummins medium-duty ISB injectors were studied experimentally in an optically accessible constant-volume combustion vessel. The experiments were performed with ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) under non-reacting and non-vaporizing conditions, including different ambient gas densities (23–65 kg/m 3 ), injection pressures (500–1,500 bar), and injection duration times (0.5–1.5 ms). The ambient temperature of the vessel was maintained at a room temperature of 313 K for all the tests. A systematic comparison was made between single-hole (SH) and multi-hole (MH) injector configurations. A plume-to-plume variation in spray penetration length was observed for various operating conditions. A substantial deviation was observed for a specific hole against the averaged plume, indicating that arbitrary selection of the plume index may result in inaccurate spray characterization of the MH injector. The penetration length of the MH injector was shorter than that of the SH injector under the same operating conditions, indicating that a spray model calibrated on SH injector data may not accurately predict the transient spray behavior of the MH injector in practical engine simulations. A square-root correlation of the spray penetration length was applied for both the SH and MH injectors. The spray penetration length and dispersion angles of the ISB SH injector were also compared with those of the heavy-duty Cummins ISX SH injector. While the ISX SH injector showed a faster penetration than the ISB SH injector, the dispersion angle was similar. The differences in spray penetration between ISB and ISX injectors followed the expected trend based on their nozzle hole diameters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".