Reduction of the double-circuit flashovers on a 400 kV overhead line
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Double circuit flashovers may cause very severe system disturbances when taking place on some critical double-circuit lines of an electrical network. Line arresters offer an efficient solution to protect these specific lines against double circuit outages due to lightning. This paper will study, on a double-circuit 400-kV line, the protection provided by line arresters against double circuit outages due to lightning. The efficiency of several configurations of line arresters will be compared. For that purpose, the double-circuit lightning flashover rates of the line with and without line arresters will be calculated using a newly developed software which includes a three-dimensional electro-geometric model and is able to take into account the random nature of lightning. This software automatically launches EMTP-RV (restructured version of EMTP) for analyzing fast front overvoltages impressed on line insulation. The energy stressing the line arresters will also be calculated in order to evaluate the risk of failure of the line arresters due to excess energy absorption. Furthermore, the effects of several other parameters such as the tower footing resistances, the lightning withstand voltages of insulator strings as well as the protective levels of line arresters will also be investigated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".