Examining Changes in Sport Event Volunteers' Motivation, Satisfaction, Commitment, Sense of Community: Evidence from a Preevent–Postevent Design
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine changes in sport event volunteers' motivation, satisfaction, commitment, and sense of community from preevent to postevent. Data were collected using preevent and postevent online self-administered questionnaires sent to 256 volunteers at the 2019 Osprey Valley Open: a professional golf tournament. One hundred sixty-one volunteers (65% response rate) completed both questionnaires. Data were analyzed using paired sample t tests. All constructs demonstrated positive changes from preevent to postevent. Sense of community had the most significant positive change, followed by satisfaction, and then commitment. Motivation did not have a statistically significant change. Results show researchers should move beyond crosssectional research designs to better understand differences in these constructs across event modes. Practitioners should tailor their strategies toward volunteers' satisfaction, commitment, and sense of community to enhance their experiences at different time points throughout their involvement with a sport event.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".