Apis laboriosa confirmed by morphometric and genetic analyses of giant honey bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) from sites of sympatry in Arunachal Pradesh, North East India
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two potentially different species of giant honey bees (subgenus Megapis ) are endemic to India: Apis dorsata , the widespread low elevation form, and Apis laboriosa of the Pan-Himalayan region. Although they differ morphologically, behaviorally, and genetically, the species status of A. laboriosa remains unresolved. We sampled bees in three widely separated regions of Arunachal Pradesh, North East India, where these two taxa occurred sympatrically. We measured morphological characters of worker bees and conducted principal component analyses of two data sets (size-independent traits and the full set of characters excluding ratios). We also sequenced approximately 500 bp of the mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and generated a phylogenetic tree. In all analyses, A. dorsata and A. laboriosa separated into well-defined groups, and with no bees showing traits suggestive of hybridization, regardless of where the species were collected. The a priori identifications of all specimens based on thoracic hair and abdominal color were verified by the analyses. Our results confirm that A. laboriosa is a valid species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".