Using songs to teach students with intellectual disabilities to tell time
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of using songs to teach students with intellectual disabilities to tell time. It followed a multiple-probe, across-subject design with a probe phase, which is a single-subject research design. The participants were three 17–19-year-old female students with mild intellectual disabilities who could not read clocks. They were taught to read analog clocks at full, half, and quarter past hours. Graphical analysis was used to analyze the data on the effectiveness of teaching through songs. At the end of the study, it was evaluated whether the students could read clocks without singing. Social validity data were collected from the students and their teachers. The findings show that all three students could learn to read clocks through songs and could tell the time correctly without songs. In the social validity data, the students stated that they were able to learn to tell time easily without getting bored and they wanted other lessons to also be taught through songs. The teachers stated that the students participated in the lesson more willingly than usual and that they enjoyed learning to tell time. Keywords: Intellectual disabilities, mathematical skills, telling time, teaching through song
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".