Influence of Contact Angle on the Internal Flow in a Freezing Water Droplet
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ice accretion upon a surface is of interest in areas such as wind power, electric power transmission and vehicles in cold climate.Ice assimilation appears when humid air or water droplets impacts and freezes on a cold surface.In the study presented in this paper, droplets are deposited onto aluminium plates constructed to generate a specific contact angle between the droplet and substrate.Five contact angles are investigated and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to analyse the internal flow.The droplets are studied along the vertical centerline and at horizontal lines at distances of 50% and 75% of the total height of the droplet.From the results it is found that a lower contact angle will increase the magnitude of the internal flow close to the edges.A larger contact angle will instead increase the magnitude of the flow in the center of the droplet.For a droplet with lower contact angle it was furthermore found that there is a triangular area inside the droplet with close to zero velocity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".