Heat Transfer and Velocity Measurement of Laminar Pipe Flow Induced by Ultrasound Released along Mainstream Direction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, heat transfer characteristics of laminar pipe flow using low frequency ultrasound released along the mainstream direction were investigated experimentally.The test section was a square duct with an inner cross-sectional area of 60 mm 2 and a length of 1500 mm.The Reynolds number ranged between 400 and 1,600.A heater with a power of 400 W was installed at the bottom wall to heat the water at 23 °C.Thermocouples were used to measure the wall temperature at a distance of 0.16-0.58m with an interval of 0.07 m.The ultrasonic transducer with a frequency of 28-80 kHz was set at the entrance to release the waves in a streamwise direction.In addition, the flow behaviour of the water flow induced by ultrasound was illustrated by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV).The results showed that the heat transfer enhancement factor (HTEF) was increased when the heating wall was close to the ultrasonic transducer position.In particular, acoustic streaming was found to convect the heat transfer by swerving from the entrance to the heating wall.The maximum HTEF of 163.04% was achieved using 28 kHz ultrasonic waves at Reynold number of 400.These results would clearly demonstrate the potential of ultrasonic waves to improve heat transfer in a thermal system in the future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".