Risk assessment of human exposure to lead and cadmium in tissues of Blackchin Tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) from an intertidal creek in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The present study investigated the risk associated with concentrations of lead and cadmium in tissues (gills, livers and muscles) of Blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) from upstream and downstream regions of an intertidal creek in Rivers State, Nigeria. The trend of Cd in fish tissues and water was as follows: muscle > liver > gills > water. The concentration of Cd in fish gills was higher in downstream fish when compared to upstream fish. The mean Cdmg kg −1 in fish gills was 0.048 ± 0.015—upstream and 0.549 ± 0.152—downstream, 0.037 ± 0.030—upstream and 0.769 ± 0.100—downstream, 0.026 ± 0.015—upstream and 0.902 ± 0.118—downstream, and 0.040 ± 0.018—upstream and 0.727 ± 0.157—downstream in December, January, February and March respectively. The trend of Pb in fish tissues and water was as follows: muscle > liver > gills > water. Pb was generally higher in fish sampled downstream when compared to those sampled upstream of the creek. Fish gills in upstream fishes had Pb of 6.324 ± 0.388 mg kg−1, 5.140 ± 1.249 mg kg−1, 5.459 ± 0.471 mg kg−1 and 5.730 ± 0.859 mg kg−1 while downstream fishes had Pb 7.732 ± 0.640 mg kg−1, 9.401 ± 0.711 mg kg−1, 7.575 ± 0.624 mg kg−1 and 7.644 ± 0.637 mg kg−1 in December, January, February and March respectively. Cdfish gills < Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) maximum permissible limit (MPL), Cdfish muscles and Cdlivers < MPL for FAO, FAO/WHO and WHO. Pbgills upstream and downstream > MPL for FAO, FAO/WHO and WHO. Pb and Cd did not indicate non-carcinogenic risks to human health owing to the consumption of fish up- and downstream. In the present study, fishes sampled upstream showed low cancer risk in adults, however, cancer risk index (CRI) indicated moderate cancer risk in children (male and female). For fishes sampled downstream, CRI indicated low risk for adults and male children, but a moderate risk for female children.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".