Bibliographic record
Abstract
Medicine is a complex discipline that concerns manifold disciplines in the life sciences.Therefore, data sources for medical informatics are not only limited to health and hospital records along with the medical literature, but also include gene studies, clinical reports, pharmacology studies, and other studies in the life sciences.For this reason, the primary challenge of medical informatics is the integration of data, the volume of which is increasing every day.Data are derived from a wide variety of sources and produced in various formats.Data integration requires a lingua franca, that is, data standardization, in medical informatics.Moreover, it should be ensured that the data are machine readable so that the conditions of machine inferencing, which enables scientific discoveries, are met to establish datadriven endeavors in medicine.Thus, information retrieval and extraction, knowledge management, and knowledge production can be undertaken in medical and clinical studies with the support of various technologies.Ontologies used in information systems for decades promise to achieve these five goals of medical informatics: data standardization, data integration, information retrieval and extraction, knowledge management, and scientific knowledge production.Medical ontologies are effective technologies that are widely used in many different applications in biomedical information and knowledge management systems.They are employed to represent biomedical knowledge with reference to reality in computable formats.To better understand medical ontologies, it is necessary to understand ontologies as philosophy, ontologies as science, and ontologies as techniques.Furthermore, their contribution to the development of medical ontologies should be appreciated: an understanding of ontology as philosophy is necessary for the correct understanding of important categories in medicine and the correct classification of reality related to medicine.Medical ontologies as science, in contrast, should be up-to-date and benefit from the wisdom of the philosophy of medicine.Enriched theoretically by these two types of ontologies, medical ontologies, which are ontologies as technique used in medical informatics, are obtained at last.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.044 | 0.035 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".