Bibliographic record
Abstract
NAFTA was the first trade agreement incorporating labor standards in its labor side agreement, the NAALC. This set a precedent for all U.S. trade agreements that followed. Civil society made creative use of the NAALC's complaint mechanism in forty-plus cases since 1994, but results were mixed. Gains were episodic, not systemic. The NAALC had inherent flaws, but the three governments also failed to make full use of its dispute resolution system, which might have led to stronger results. In 2018 the governments negotiated the U.S.-Mexico-Canada agreement (USMCA), whose labor chapter addresses many of the NAALC's flaws. It includes stronger enforcement measures, such as an innovative "rapid-response" complaint mechanism for freedom of association violations at specific worksites. Mexico agreed to far-reaching reforms of its labor law system as part of the USMCA, and adopted them in 2018-2019. A four-year phase-in timeline for implementation means that further assessment of the USMCA requires more time as well.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".