Comprehensive Characterization and Screening of Different Trichoderma Isolates as Plant Growth Promoters: Insight to Metal Solubilization, Enzymatic Activity, and Antagonistic Effect
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The present study aimed to isolate a Trichoderma species with dual action as a plant growth promoter in conjunction with antagonistic activity against the plant pathogen Colletotrichum lagenarium. Using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and inter simple sequence repeat markers (ISSR), eight strains of Trichoderma were identified, and their diversity was studied. In addition, some plant growth promoters such as indole acetic acid (IAA) and element solubilization were evaluated. Moreover, the activity of amylase, pectinase, cellulase, and chitinase was studied in the isolated species. Results showed that Trichoderma viride (T27) and Trichoderma atrobrunneum (T40) produced the highest IAA (80.36, 61.39 µg/mL), respectively and K solubilization efficiency (KE) (12.2 and 14.4, respectively). In contrast, Trichoderma afroharzianum (T31) and Trichoderma atrobrunneum (T40) had the highest zinc (Zn) solubilizer (7.1 and 7.2 cm), respectively. Strains T. viride (T27) and T. atrobrunneum (T41) showed the highest antagonistic activity against anthracnose fungi; therefore, they were examined under scanning electron microscopy. The SDS-PAGE protein pattern and its antigenicity analysis ranged between 40 and 180 kDa. The results of SDS-PAGE indicated that with chitin, both T27 and T40 presented different bands in their protein profile compared to the control (without chitin). The results suggest that T. viride (T27) and T. atrobrunneum (T40) could be used as eco-friendly bio-fungicides with a high potential plant growth promoter production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".