Newfoundland and Labrador Shore-Station Whaling: Overexpansion and Decline, 1905-1917
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The evolution of commercial whaling has been characterized globally by a pattern of recurring cycles.Each phase began with a new discovery, passed through a stage of fierce competition and ruthless exploitation marked by improved techniques and growing expertise, and ended with diminished resources, exhaustion and failure (see figure 1).In the end, with stocks in decline and profits increasingly uncertain, participants essentially had four options: withdrawal; exploitation of healthier stocks elsewhere; development of new techniques to support additional hunting of already depleted resources; or harvesting previously unexploited species. 1 "Traditional" commercial whaling was restricted initially to the capture of right, sperm and grey whales. 2 The "modern" era dates from the 1860s, when Svend Foyn, a Norwegian sealing master, successfully used a harpoon-cannon mounted on the bow of a steam-powered catcher.3 This combination of new hunting methods and technology permitted the harvesting of blue, humpback, fin and sei whales, species that were previously ignored.The original phase of modern whaling was restricted to Norwegian coastal waters.The rapid depletion of local stocks, however, soon led to the westward expansion of the Norwegian industry, first to Iceland (1883) and the Faeroe Islands (1894), and then to Newfoundland and Labrador in 1898 with the capture of a fin whale off Baccalieu Island on 26 June by the newly-established Cabot Steam Whaling Co. Ltd.Thus began a sporadic but locally important industry which continued until 1972 when the government of Canada placed a moratorium on commercial whaling.The periodicity of operations was directly attributable to overexploitation of migrating stocks and global oil markets.This overexploitation and fluctuation was particularly evident in those years which form the context of this paper.A second company, the Newfoundland Steam Whaling Co. Ltd., began operations in 1900.The immediate success of both enterprises resulted in the government of Newfoundland receiving no fewer than forty-five applications between July 1902 and December 1903 either to construct new stations or to renew existing licences (see table l). 4 The total annual catch increased rapidly, with the industry reaching its peak in 1904 when fourteen factories processed 1275 whales for 1, 492, 456 gallons of oil, 2903 tons of The Northern Mariner/Le Marin du nord, X, No. 4 (October 2000), 13-38. 13 The Northern MarinerTable
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".