Early Life of the Mink Frog (Rana septentrionalis): From Fertilization to Metamorphosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mink Frogs ( Rana septentrionalis ) are a unique ranid species restricted to Canada and the northern edge of the United States, from northern Minnesota to northern Maine. They are a member of the Aquarana clade that includes Green Frogs ( R. clamitans ), American Bullfrogs ( R. catesbeiana ), and four other species. Despite being relatively common where present, the biology of this species has been poorly studied and little in particular is known about its breeding and development from fertilization through overwintering as larvae. Critically, the species' representation in museum collections is limited in general, but particularly at early life stages. Here we report on our initial efforts to describe larval Mink Frog development by inducing breeding of wild-caught adults in the laboratory, then sampling tadpoles from fertilization until the subsequent spring. Specimens, including tissue samples, adult specimens of both sexes, an entire laboratory-induced egg mass, and a captive-bred larval series are available in the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History. Our approach here demonstrates that Mink Frogs can be captive bred for use in laboratory experiments, and our work provides a novel larval series from egg mass to metamorphosis for this secretive, understudied species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.026 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".