Testing of a Modern Wankel Rotary Engine - Part IV: Overall Mechanical and Thermal Balance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present work extends the performance analysis of a rotary Wankel engine for range extender applications already introduced in the companion papers of this series. Specifically, in this work, an overall balance was carried out on mechanical and thermal parameters inferred from the indicated pressure cycles and those measured by the dynamometer and the data acquisition system during steady-state engine testing, highlighting the energy fluxes within the machine. The evaluation of the in-chamber heat transfer coefficient, by means of an adapted Woschni model, and the related heat rejected to the coolant represent the additional and necessary analysis to complete the experimental assessment already presented in the previous papers. The tested engine is the Advanced Innovative Engineering 225CS and the experimental testing was conducted using a combustion analyser specifically developed for rotary machines. The results reported in this work are representative of the performance of current rotary engine technology. The engine was tested in steady-state motored and firing conditions while collecting all the usual engine data. The indicated torque, the net heat release and the rate of heat release were computed from the indicated pressure cycle taking into account the engine geometrical parameters and employing analytical relations and numerical procedures. The indicated torque at different operating points was compared under further simplifying assumptions (friction torque curve measured in motoring condition considered unaltered in firing condition) with the motoring and firing torque measured by the dynamometer while the net heat released was compared with the instantaneous fuel flow rate, the mechanical power delivered and the heat rejected in the coolant. The results show a good balance closure of the aforementioned parameters with a low level of imbalance mainly due to simplifying assumptions and measurement uncertainties, hence validating the methodologies extensively reported in Part II and III of this suite of papers. The data reported here and in the previous works also represent the initial steps in validating CFD models and the optimisation of fuel consumption and emissions for the aforementioned engine to be employed as a range extender in Series Hybrid (or Range-Extended) Electric Vehicles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".