Fragilaria radians (Kützing) D.M.Williams et Round, the correct name for F. gracilis (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta): a critical analysis of this species complex in Europe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fragilaria gracilis is one of the most reported Fragilaria species in Europe, observed in a broad range of water bodies, ranging from (ultra)oligotrophic rivers to even eutrophic lakes. A revision of this important taxon based on the analysis of the morphology of a large number of historic and recent populations was highly needed. In the present study, type material of Fragilaria gracilis and several related taxa such as Synedra radians, Fragilaria pseudolaevissima, S. utermoehlii, F. aquaplus, F. boreomongolica and F. tridentina together with more than 10 modern populations were investigated using LM and SEM observations. The results based on these comparisons show that Fragilaria (Synedra) radians is the name for the taxon formerly known as F. gracilis. Moreover, detailed analysis demonstrated that F. pseudolaevissima and Synedra utermoehlii are conspecific with F. radians and should be considered as heterotypic synonyms. The observations made in this study also resulted in the description of several new species, often with distinct ecologies and distribution areas: Fragilaria huerlimannii Van de Vijver sp. nov., F. acerosa Van de Vijver, C.E.Wetzel, Jarlman et Ector sp. nov., F. neglecta Van de Vijver, C.E.Wetzel, Jarlman et Ector sp. nov., F. heudreana Van de Vijver, C.E.Wetzel et Ector sp. nov., F. eutraphenta Van de Vijver, Kusber et D.M.Williams sp. nov., and F. mertensiana Van de Vijver, C.E.Wetzel et Ector sp. nov. Using an analysis of the associated diatom flora, the ecological preferences of each taxon are briefly discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".