Bibliographic record
Abstract
In case of a single rail break, there are at least two known formulas to compute the breathing length, one uses half-tie resistance and the other uses full-tie resistance. As a result, the possible values of the breathing length and hence, the rail break gap, differ by 100%, thus warranting further research. Herein, we review these two calculations, plus a proposed method, to compute breathing length and rail break gap by using a more effective tie resistance value. The rail break gap in freezing temperatures under three contexts is computed, discussed, and summarised. The point at the end of the track where both rails are free to move and the axial force increases from zero to a temperature load of ΔT is typically referred to as the breathing length. The breathing length due to a single rail break in the non-breathing portion of a continuously-welded rail track may not be expected to have the same breathing length at the end of the track. Thus, breathing lengths under two scenarios are discussed. Further research is suggested to resolve the issue of breathing length definition and the two issues related to the effect of freezing temperatures on ballast resistance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".