A capillary bundle model for the forced imbibition in the shale matrix with dual‐wettability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The forced imbibition during hydraulic fracturing is one of the main mechanisms of oil production in shale oil reservoirs. However, the shale matrix has complex structures of nanopores and is rich in organic matters. The wettability of nanopores in organics matters is different from the nanopores in inorganic matters, and the characteristic of dual‐wettability leads to complex mechanisms of forced imbibition. This paper proposes a model for describing the imbibition in a dual‐wettability shale oil reservoir based on the capillary tube model. The external displacement pressure gradient is also considered to study the forced and spontaneous imbibition of hydraulic fracturing liquid into oil‐wet organic nanopores and water‐wet inorganic nanopores. The slip effect in organic nanopores and the boundary‐layer effect in inorganic nanopores are considered in this model. The analytical expressions for describing the location of the oil–water imbibition front in an oil‐wet organic nanopore and a water‐wet inorganic nanopore are derived, respectively. The semi‐analytical solution for predicting flow rate in a shale core with an external pressure gradient is given and demonstrated with a case study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".