Independent and Interdependent Self-Construal: An Examination of Migration History and Gender in Chinese- and European-Canadians
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Regardless of country of residence, individuals of East Asian background typically report higher interdependent and lower independent self-construal than European-descent individuals. Despite previous work that have been done in people of East Asian descent in Western societies, little is known about the differences in their self-construal in relation to their migration history to the West. Additionally, gender influences on self-construal and the correlation between the two self-construal dimensions among this population remain unclear, given the mixed findings in existing literature. The current study discusses self-construal findings from Chinese-descent and European-descent individuals in Canada in relation to their migration history and gender. We hypothesized that individuals with an earlier migration history to Canada as well as men will report higher independent and lower interdependent self-construal. Students at a Canadian university (n = 524) completed the Self-Construal Scale (Singelis, 1994) and survey questions related to their gender, ethnicity, and migration history to Canada. Results of the study found that European-descent individuals and men reported higher independent self-construal than Chinese-descent individuals and women, respectively. Individuals with earlier migration history to Canada also reported higher independent self-construal. Correlations between independent and interdependent self-construal were found to be significantly higher in Chinese-Canadians who migrated to Canada around high school time than in any other group. Culturally-bound gender differences, reference-group effect, cultural differences between contemporary urban China and Chinese enclave communities in the West, and possible explanations for the unique experience of the high school migration group, are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".