Sex-specific effects of chronic hypoxia on routine cardiovascular function and metabolism in CD-1 mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hypoxia can have significant impacts on cardiovascular physiology, but the effects of chronic exposure to moderate hypoxia and how they differ between sexes remain poorly understood. We used physiological telemetry to examine this issue in CD-1 mice. Adult mice were chronically exposed to normoxia or hypobaric hypoxia (12 kPa O2) for 6 wk and then subjected to telemetry measurements of routine physiology across the diel cycle. Heart rate ( fH), mean arterial blood pressure ( Pmean), body temperature ( Tb), and activity were greater during the nighttime active phase than the daytime inactive phase. Chronic hypoxia had no effect on these traits at night but had sex-specific effects during the day, when chronic hypoxia reduced fH, Tb, and activity in males but not females. These differences existed without any effect of chronic hypoxia on α-adrenergic or nitric oxide tone on the vasculature (assessed as Pmean response to pharmacological blockade). Responses to acute hypoxia were then measured during stepwise reductions in inspired O2 from 21 to 8 kPa O2. O2 consumption rate, fH, Pmean, and Tb declined in severe hypoxia, but the O2 tension at which this began was lower in mice held in chronic hypoxia. However, the hypoxic ventilatory response was augmented by exposure to chronic hypoxia in females but not in males. Females also exhibited larger increases in lung mass and less right ventricle hypertrophy than males in chronic hypoxia. Our results support the growing evidence that there can be considerable sex differences in the cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".