Simulation of Particle-Shock Interaction in a HVOF Process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract High Velocity Oxygen Fuel Process (HVOF) involves supersonic two-phase flow of gas-solid particles. Two kinds of shocks are formed in a typical HVOF process. Adjustment of the over-expanded flow to the atmospheric pressure at the exit of the nozzle results in formation of shock diamonds while high speed flow impingement on a substrate creates bow shock. The latter is found to be responsible for deviation of the injected particles from their trajectories near the substrate which significantly reduces the chance of some particles landing on the substrate. An attempt is made to study the behavior of particle trajectory as it interacts with the bow shock formed near the substrate. The strength and location of bow shock was found to vary for different substrate geometries and stand-off distances. In this work, various particle sizes impinging on substrates with various configurations (flat, concave and convex) are simulated and the effect of shock diamonds and bow-shock, on particle trajectory is studied.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".