Inter-individual Variability In Passive Leg Movement-induced Hyperemia And Arterial Stiffness Across The Menstrual Cycle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is variability in the impact of menstrual phase on arterial stiffness with some, but not all, studies reporting a decrease in arterial stiffness from the early follicular (EF; low estradiol) to the late follicular (LF; high estradiol) phase at the group or individual level. However, the mechanisms driving inter-study and inter-individual phase differences in arterial stiffness remain unknown. Vasorelaxation reduces arterial resistance and arterial stiffness. Variable increases in the endothelial-derived vasodilator nitric oxide with elevated LF estrogen may result in variable smooth muscle relaxation and thus variability in the impact of phase on arterial stiffness. It is speculated that inter-individual phase changes in nitric oxide dependent endothelial function will be related to inter-individual phase changes in arterial stiffness. PURPOSE: to investigate whether changes in endothelial function are related to changes in arterial stiffness across the menstrual cycle. METHODS: 11 premenopausal women (22±4 years) completed two visits; 1 in EF and 1 in LF phase. Salivary estradiol and leg endothelial function and arterial stiffness were tested during each visit. Endothelial function was quantified by the hyperemic response to passive leg movement (PLM) characterized by area under the curve leg blood flow (AUC LBF) and leg vascular conductance (AUC LVC) assessed via duplex ultrasound. Leg femoral-foot pulse wave velocity (PWV) was assessed via applanation tonometry. RESULTS: Estradiol increased from the EF to LF phase (p=0.014; EF=1.43±0.38, LF=1.60±0.43 pg/ml). At the group level, PWV decreased from the EF to LF phase (p=0.022; EF=7.98±1.48, LF=7.21±1.85 m/s). There were no group-level phase changes in AUC LBF (p=0.308; EF=132.50, LF=149.07 ml/min) or AUC LVC (p=0.344; EF=1.76±1.13, LF=1.96±1.06 ml/min/mmHg). Phase changes in PWV were not associated with phase changes in AUC LBF (r=0.171, p =0.616) or AUC LVC (r=0.247, p=0.464). CONCLUSION: Peripheral arterial stiffness decreased with a rise in estrogen in the LF phase, however, individual phase changes in arterial stiffness were not related to individual changes in endothelial function. Future research is needed to understand the mechanisms resulting in individual responses to fluctuations in endogenous estradiol. Funded by NSERC
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".