The Efficacy Of A Mixed-methods Short-term Heat Acclimation Protocol In Male Paralympic Wheelchair Rugby Players
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a mixed-method short-term heat acclimation (STHA) protocol with active and passive heating in Paralympic Wheelchair Rugby Players (WCR). METHODS: 12 male players (World WCR Classification; Class 0.5-1.5, n = 5; Class 2.0-2.5, n = 4; Class 3.0-3.5, n = 3) volunteered for the study. Testing occurred during a 10-day training camp 6-weeks before the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games and consisted of 3 days of active HA (HAact) and 2 days of passive HA (HApassive) with core temperature (Tc) maintained at ~38.5 °C for 1 h during each session. Heat exposure occurred every other day (Day 1,3,5,7,9). Training load (TL: time X sessional rating of perceived exertion (sRPE)) arbitrary units (AU), Tc, thermal sensation (TS), and thermal comfort (TC) was recorded. Blood samples were taken on Day 1 and 10 to assess baseline and post-HA % change in plasma volume (PV) using the Dill & Costill method. 20 m sprint performance was assessed on Day 1 and Day 10. RESULTS: Mean cumulative daily TL was 1544 ± 962 AU, and significantly differed between practice 792 ± 174 AU, HAact 656 ± 233 AU, and HApassive 476 ± 221 AU, p < 0.05. Mean daily and HAact training load significantly differed among Class 0.5-1.5 (671; 662 AU), Class 2.0-2.5 (752; 585 AU), and Class 3.0-3.5 (848; 840 AU) (p < 0.05). Mean Tc during the HAact and HApassive trials significantly differed and was 38.4 ± 0.3 °C and 38.7 ± 0.2 °C (p < 0.05), respectively. % Change in PV significantly increased (p < 0.05) by 2.0 ± 3.5% (-3.6-7.8%) from Day 1 to Day 10 with no significant differences between Class (p > 0.05), with 7 of 12 athletes demonstrating a positive increase (0.8 to 3%, n = 3; 4.5 to 7.8%, n = 4), and 5 athletes showing a decrease or no increase (-3.6 to -2.6%, n = 2; 0% = 3). Sprint performance (20 m) did not significantly change from Day 1 to Day 10 (Day 1, 6.33 ± 0.87 m/s; Day 10, 6.32 ± 0.85 m/s, p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results of this study suggest that (1) a mixed-method field-based HA protocol can significantly increase % change in Pvol in Paralympic WCR players, (2) HApassive reached higher Tc with a lower training load suggesting a potentially more useful modality to use during a training camp to minimize fatigue from HA, and (3) a mixed-methods field-based STHA protocol does not appear to improve 20 m sprint performance in WCR athletes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".