Examining The Potential Involvement Of Ovarian Hormones On Appetite In Females Across The Menstrual Cycle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Appetite regulation has exclusively been examined during the follicular phase (FP) of themenstrual cycle, and it remains unclear whether the greater levels of ovarian hormones estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) in the luteal phase (LP) affect this process. PURPOSE: To utilize vigorous-intensity continuous training (VICT) as a method to increase plasma concentrations of E2 and P4 and examine their associations with post-exercise alterations in acylated ghrelin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine3-36 (PYY3-36), active glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), subjective appetite perceptions, and energy intake across the menstrual cycle. METHODS: Eight women (age: 22 ± 3 y, BMI: 23.6 ± 3.9 kg·m-2, V̇O2max: 37.9 ± 4.5 mL·kg-1·min-1) completed 30 min of VICT (80% V̇O2max) in both the FP and LP. Ovarian (E2, P4) and appetite hormones (acylated ghrelin, PYY3-36, active GLP-1) as well as appetite perceptions were measured pre-, 0-, 30-, and 90-min post-exercise while energy intake was recorded for a 2-day period beginning the day of the experimental session. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance were conducted to determine differences in hormones, energy intake, and appetite perceptions. RESULTS: E2 increased immediately post-exercise in both the FP and LP (17% or 13.4 pgmL-1; P = 0.041, ƒ = 0.71) with an increase in P4 trending towards significance in the LP (17% or 2.1 ngmL-1 P = 0.078, ƒ = 0.23). Acylated ghrelin was lower in the FP compared to the LP (-50% or -68.6 pgmL-1; P = 0.029, ƒ = 1.03) immediately post-exercise but greater at 90 min post-exercise compared to immediately post-exercise (78% or 106.3 pgmL-1, P = 0.036, ƒ = 0.87) and 30 min post-exercise (78% or 106.2 pgmL-1, P = 0.014) in both phases. Active GLP-1 was elevated at 30 min compared to 90 min post-exercise (39% or 5.8 pMmL-1; P = 0.016, ƒ = 0.73) with no differences between phases (P = 0.238, ƒ = 0.44). There were no observable effects of exercise or menstrual cycle phase on PYY3-36 (P = 0.305, ƒ = 0.41), overall appetite (P = 0.616, ƒ = 0.25), or free-living energy intake (P = 0.244, ƒ = 0.44). CONCLUSION: The post-exercise suppression of acylated ghrelin may be blunted in the presence of elevated ovarian hormones in the LP, though this effect may not play a role in the anorectic effect of exercise and the differences seen in energy intake across the menstrual cycle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".