Development of optimized <i>Verticillium longisporum</i> inoculation techniques for canola ( <i>Brassica napus</i> )
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Verticillium stripe, caused by Verticillium longisporum, is an emerging soilborne disease of canola (Brassica napus) in Canada. Improved inoculation protocols will facilitate study of Verticillium stripe and its management. Two inoculation techniques, a root-dip method at two inoculum concentrations and a grain inoculation method at four inoculum concentrations, were compared under greenhouse conditions with the canola cultivars ‘45H31’, ‘CS2000’ and ‘Westar’. Symptoms of Verticillium stripe appeared at early growth stages following root dip inoculation, resulting in seedling mortalities of up to 19.7%, 39.5% and 33.3% for ‘CS2000’, ‘45H31’ and ‘Westar’, respectively, at 35 days post-inoculation. Plants inoculated by the root-dip method incurred much greater mortality at the high versus low inoculum concentration. In the surviving adult plants, ‘45H31’ was moderately resistant while ‘CS2000’ was more susceptible to V. longisporum. The grain inoculation method did not cause early-stage mortality, although Verticillium stripe severity at the adult stage was significantly different between control and high inoculum concentrations for all cultivars. In addition, plant dry weight and height decreased as inoculum concentration increased. Inoculation of 1-week-old, 2-week-old and 3-week-old seedlings of ‘CS2000’ and ‘Westar’ was also compared by the root-dip method. The impact of host age at inoculation on disease development was not significant, although higher disease severity was observed at later inoculation in ‘CS2000’. The application of grain inoculum may be more suitable for large-scale screening or studies conducted under field conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".