Integrated <scp>Electrode‐Electrolyte</scp> Optimization to Manufacture a <scp>Real‐Life</scp> Applicable Aqueous Supercapacitor with <scp>Record‐Breaking</scp> Lifespan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aqueous supercapacitors (SCs) have been regarded as a promising candidate for commercial energy storage device due to their superior safety, low cost, and environmental benignity. Unfortunately, an age‐old challenge of achieving both long electrode lifespan and qualified energy‐storage property blocks their practical application. Herein, we develop an electrode‐electrolyte integrated optimization strategy to fulfill the real‐life device requirements. Electrode optimization simultaneously regulates the nanomorphology and surface chemistry of the tungsten oxide anode, resulting in superior electrochemical performance given by an ideal “bird‐nest” structure with optimal oxygen vacancy status; the anodes interact with and are protected from dissolution and structural collapse by the rationally designed hybrid electrolyte with optimized pH and facilitated cation desorption behavior. Collaboratively, a record‐breaking durability of no capacitive decay after 250 000 cycles is achieved. On the basis of this integrated optimization, the first aqueous pouch SCs with real‐life practicability were manufactured by a soft‐package encapsulation technique, which can steadily power commercial 3 C products such as tablets and smartphones and maintain safely working against extreme conditions. This work demonstrates the possibility of using aqueous energy storage devices with enhanced safety and lower cost to replace the commercial organic counterparts for wide range of daily applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".