Anthocyanin Encapsulated Nanoparticles as a Pulmonary Delivery System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anthocyanins are known for their therapeutic efficacy for many human diseases, including cancer. After ingestion, anthocyanins degrade due to oxidation and enzymatic breakdown, resulting in reduced therapeutic efficacy. Direct delivery to target tissues and entrapment of anthocyanins increases their stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. The objective of the present study was to develop a direct delivery system of anthocyanins into pulmonary tissues via encapsulated nanocarriers. A cyanidin‐3‐ O ‐glucoside (C3G)‐rich anthocyanin extract was prepared from well‐ripened haskap ( Lonicera caerulea L.) berries (HB) and encapsulated in three different polymeric nanocarrier systems: polyethylene glycol‐poly(lactide‐ co ‐glycolide), maltodextrin, and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC). The anthocyanin encapsulation efficiency was significantly higher in CMC (10%) than in the other two polymers. The cytotoxicity and cytoprotective effect of HB anthocyanin‐encapsulated CMC (HB‐CMC, 4 μ g of C3G equivalent anthocyanin in 2 mg/mL nanoparticle) and anthocyanin‐free CMC (E‐CMC, 2 mg/mL) were tested for cytotoxicity using human normal lung epithelial BEAS‐2B cells. The CMC nanoparticles were not cytotoxic for BEAS‐2B cells. The HB‐CMC nanoparticles reduced carcinogen‐induced oxidative stress in BEAS‐2B cells and restored the expression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes. The HB‐CMC nanoparticles also reduced carcinogen‐induced DNA single‐strand breaks and alkaline‐labile sites but not the double‐strand breaks. The E‐CMC, HB‐CMC (28 μ g C3G equivalent/mouse/day for six days), or the same dose of free HB anthocyanin was administered to A/JCr mice through a nose‐only passive inhalation device. C3G and its metabolites, cyanidin, peonidin‐3‐ O ‐glucoside, and cyanidin‐3‐ O ‐glucuronide, were detected by UPLC/ESI/Q‐TOF‐MS in the lungs of mice after one hour of exposure. Therefore, the CMC could be a promising noncytotoxic candidate to encapsulate HB anthocyanin. Direct delivery of anthocyanin to lung tissues enhances tissue retention, slows phase 2 metabolism, and improves therapeutic efficacy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".