Characterization of Rare Earth Elements in Canadian Oil Sand Process Streams
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The concentration of rare earth elements in a Canadian oil sand ore and six oil sand waste streams were examined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results indicated that the rare earth elements (REEs) are largely concentrated in the TSRU tailings, similar to typical froth floatation tailings, with a total rare earth concentration of 1380 ppm (1380 µg/g). This is a 13.5 fold increase in concentration compared to the oil sand ore itself, and an 8 fold increase compared to average Clarke value of sedimentary rocks. Not surprisingly the process water used for extracting the oil from oil sands and the water fraction associated with the different waste streams had very low values of REEs that were near or below the detection limits of the instrument. The highest total concentration of REEs in the water fraction of the samples tested was from the mature fine tailings with a total rare earth concentration of ~ 7 ppb (7 µg/kg). These results give insights into the possibility of recovering rare earth elements from REE concentrated waste streams generated from oil sand processing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".