Flow development over inclined flat plates in ground effect and relation to aerodynamic loads
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aerodynamics of finite-span inclined flat plates in ground effect is experimentally investigated at a chord-based Reynolds number of 50 000 for aspect ratios of 1 and 2. The minimum ground height is varied between 0.1 and 1.0 chord lengths, and lift and drag forces are measured using a force balance for angles of attack between −90° and 90°. Planar, two- and three-component particle image velocimetry is used to perform streamwise and cross-plane measurements at the midspan and one chord length downstream of the trailing edge, respectively. Ground effect is significant at ground clearances below 0.5 chord lengths, most notably near the stall angle, where it leads to significant changes to flow development. At sufficiently low free flight pre-stall angles, the increase in edge velocity at low gap ratios caused greater suction, generating higher lift with a minimal increase in drag for both orientations. Closer to the free flight stall angle, a decrease in aerodynamic loading is observed for negative orientations due to earlier onset of stall with a decreasing gap ratio. The exception was the higher aspect ratio plate at negative orientations, where the loading was largely invariant to changes in gap ratio for all angles tested. At positive orientations, the increase in average static pressure along the pressure surface in ground proximity led to an overall increase in loading prior to deep-stall conditions for both aspect ratios. The ground effect was minimal at post-stall angles of attack. The results may be used to guide the design of photovoltaic supports at relevant latitudes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".