The multi-epoch X-ray tale of I Zwicky 1 outflows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy $\rm I\,\,Zwicky\, 1$ shows a unique and complex system of ionized gas in outflow, which consists of an ultra-fast wind and a two-component warm absorber. In the last two decades, XMM–Newton monitored the source multiple times enabling the study of the long-term variability of the various outflows. Plasma in photoionization equilibrium with the ionizing source responds and varies accordingly to any change of the ionizing luminosity. However, detailed modelling of the past Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) data has shown no correlation between the plasma ionization state and the ionizing continuum, revealing a complex long-term variability of the multiphase warm absorber. Here, we present a new observation of $\rm I\,\,Zwicky\, 1$ by XMM–Newton taken in early 2020 characterized by a lower X-ray flux state. The soft X-ray spectrum from the RGS reveals the two components of the warm absorber with log ξ ∼ −1.0 and log ξ ∼ 1.7. Comparing our results with the previous observations, the ionization state of the two absorbing gas components is continuously changing, following the same unpredictable behaviour. The new results strengthen the scenario in which the ionization state of the warm absorber is driven by the density of the gas rather than the ionizing luminosity. In particular, the presence of a radiation driven, inhomogeneous clumpy outflow may explain both the variability in ionization throughout the years and the line-locked N v system observed in the ultraviolet band. Finally, the EPIC-pn spectrum reveals an ultra-fast wind with an outflow velocity of ∼0.26c and ionization parameter of log ξ ∼ 3.8.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".