Experimental study of flux decline mechanisms in skim milk ultrafiltration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this study, the flux decline during milk ultrafiltration was studied experimentally. Experiments were conducted for both milk and dextran to allow a comparison between foulant and non-foulant solutes. We measured concentrations in permeate during milk ultrafiltration experiments. Results show that considering dextran as non-foulant is an overstatement. The irregular shape of dextran makes it more difficult to clean compared to the spherical shape of milk micelle. The size of the micelles prevents them to enter the pores and to diffuse in the bulk feed, in this way the cake formation is favorized comparing to other fouling mechanism. Hermia models were used in a linear form to confirm the dominance of cake formation mechanism for milk fouling. Nevertheless, the close values of correlation factors suggest that cake formation mechanism depends on whey protein concentrations. It seems dominant for milk at 10 g/L but not for 5 g/L. Higher whey protein concentrations have stimulated the caking by increasing the compaction on the membrane.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".