Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although Precambrian landscapes have been regarded as barren as the surface of Mars, increasingly close inspection of fossil soils (palaeosols) is revealing a variety of fossils, comparable with those already documented in Cambrian to Ordovician (542–444 Ma) palaeosols. The biggest surprise was that some Ediacaran (550 Ma) fossils of South Australia grew in soils. Different kinds of palaeosols can be used to define Ediacaran terrestrial communities in Australia (550 Ma) and Newfoundland (565 Ma). Simple discoids such as Aspidella dominate communities of intertidal sulfidic palaeosols, whereas quilted forms such as Dickinsonia dominate communities of well drained palaeosols. The discoids may be simple microbial colonies, but complex quilted fossils may be lichenized fungi. Complex quilted fossils appear in palaeosols during the Ediacaran along with large “acritarchs” (such as Ceratosphaeridium, and Germinosphaera) comparable with fungal chlamydospores and vesicles like those of Glomales (Glomeromycota). Discoid fossils and microbial filaments also are found in Palaeoproterozoic palaeosols, for example, in the 2100 Ma Stirling Range Quartzite of Western Australia. Complex Palaeoproterozoic (2200 Ma) fossils in South African palaeosols include Diskagma, comparable with the living endocyanotic Geosiphon (Archaeosporales, Glomeromycota). Archaean (2800 Ga) palaeosols of South Africa contain fossils such as Thucomyces, comparable with modern columnar biofilms. Even older terrestrial fossils may be represented by un–named spindle–like fossils from the 3000 Ma Farrel Quartzite and 3420 Ma Strelley Pool Formation of Western Australia. These spindle–like forms are comparable in morphology with modern soil actinobacteria, such as Planomonospora. Life on land may extend well back into geological history. Positive feedback for soil stabilization by formation of clay and organic matter, and the metered supply of water and nutrients in soils, make soils attractive sites for theories concerning the origin of life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".