Effects of the Climate Change on the Tigris River Basin in Iraq
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrologists, water managers, and policymakers are all concerned about the potential implications of climate change on water supplies.This paper describes development of water resources management in northern Iraq.The study looks at three hydrological variables that represent various stages of the hydrological cycle.The hydrological variables are discharge, rainfall, and temperature.The result showed that the volume of water for Great Zab River reduced from 264 billion m 3 for the period (1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999) to 209 billion m 3 for the period .Due to the absence of dams on the river mainstream, therefore, the Great Zab can be considered as an indicator of the climate change effects.Additionally, the volume of water for Lesser Zab River reduced from 494 billion m 3 for the period to 0.86 billion m 3 for the period .For Great Zab, the maximum and the minimum annual rainfall was 309.44 mm in 1994 and 104.57mm in 1999 for the period (1982-1999) respectively, whilst the maximum and minimum annual rainfall was 430.05 mm in 2018 and 152.43 mm in 2017 for the period (2000-2020) respectively.Accordingly, the climate changes have a significant impact on Tigris River in the northern of Iraq.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".