Oxidation States Regulation of Cobalt Active Sites through Crystal Surface Engineering for Enhanced Polysulfide Conversion in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this work, unique Co 3 O 4 /N‐doped reduced graphene oxide (Co 3 O 4 /N‐rGO) composites as favorable sulfur immobilizers and promoters for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are developed. The prepared Co 3 O 4 nanopolyhedrons (Co 3 O 4 ‐NP) and Co 3 O 4 nanocubes mainly expose (112) and (001) surfaces, respectively, with different atomic configurations of Co 2+ /Co 3+ sites. Experiments and theoretical calculations confirm that the octahedral coordination Co 3+ (Co 3+ Oh ) sites with different oxidation states from tetrahedral coordination Co 2+ sites optimize the adsorption and catalytic conversion of lithium polysulfides. Specially, the Co 3 O 4 ‐NP crystals loaded on N‐rGO expose (112) planes with ample Co 3+ Oh active sites, exhibiting stronger adsorbability and superior catalytic activity for polysulfides, thus inhibiting the shuttle effect. Therefore, the S@Co 3 O 4 ‐NP/N‐rGO cathodes deliver excellent electrochemical properties, for example, stable cyclability at 1 C with a low capacity decay rate of 0.058% over 500 cycles, superb rate capability up to 3 C, and high areal capacity of 4.1 mAh cm −2 . This catalyst's design incorporating crystal surface engineering and oxidation state regulation strategies also provides new approaches for addressing the complicated issues of Li–S batteries.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it