An Alcohol‐Soluble N‐Annulated Perylene Diimide Cathode Interlayer for Air‐Processed, Slot‐Die Coated Organic Photovoltaic Devices and Large‐Area Modules
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cathode interlayers (CILs) in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are actively being researched as they are critical for device stability and performance. Herein, N‐annulated perylene diimide with a 2‐ethyl‐hexyl side chain (PDIN‐EH) is demonstrated, which is facile to synthesize as compared with conventional CILs such as PFN‐Br, exhibits solubility, and subsequent processability from ethanol. The PDIN‐EH is evaluated as a CIL in an air‐processed, slot‐die coated OPV consisting of PEDOT:PSS as the hole transport layer, PM6:Y6C12 as the bulk heterojunction, and top silver cathode electrode. All the organic layers are slot‐die coated from green solvents and devices achieve a power convention efficiency of more than 12%, a result that is among the best reported under ambient conditions for printed OPVs. Microscopy images reveal that the PDIN‐EH affords smooth film formation when slot‐die coated on top of PM6:Y6C12 bulk heterojunction for an improved contact with the Ag electrode. Furthermore, the fabrication of large‐area OPV modules on glass and flexible (polyethylene terephthalate) substrates is successfully demonstrated, with five cells connected in series achieving efficiency over 7% and open‐circuit voltage over 3.5 V. Herein, useful guidelines for achieving fully printed organic electronic devices from green solvents at a potential industrial scale are provided.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".