Characterization of Liquid‐Vapor Interfaces in Pores During Evaporation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The evolution of the liquid‐vapor interface plays a key role in multiphase flow, heat and mass transfer, and fluid phase change in porous media. In the soil water evaporation process, the vaporization occurs only on the liquid‐vapor interfaces rather than the apparent soil surface. Yet, the interfaces evolve with high distortion and great complexity along the drying path. Hence the microscale characteristics of interfaces especially geometrical and topological features in soil water evaporation are barely investigated. In this work, we scanned glass bead samples using X‐ray micro tomography and scrutinized the development of liquid‐vapor interfaces with different degrees of saturation. The liquid‐vapor interfaces are identified by morphological operations and extracted using the watershed segmentation technique. The liquid phase disperses into individual ganglia and distributes wildly in the pores as the saturation decreases, leading to low specific interface areas at saturated and dry state but a maximum value at a threshold saturation around 30%. The topological analysis reveals that the liquid and vapor phases present complementary connectivity behaviors quantified by normalized Euler characteristic numbers. The local mean curvature distribution of each typical individual interface cluster quantitatively describes the intricate progression of interface geometry and morphology along with drying. The overall mean curvature evolution of the sample separates the negative curvature component and confirms the capillary pressure increase during the pore water evaporation. The interfacial area and curvature analysis provide a cornerstone to determine the authentic interfacial evaporation rate for the soil under drying.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".