One‐Put Ferula‐Mediated Synthesis of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles with More Antimicrobial Effect and Promising Human Cell Biocompatibility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles has recently attracted more attention to counter microbial resistance, which has been one of the medical concerns in the last decade. This research expresses the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles utilizing Ferula assafoetida aqueous extract (Fer@AgNP) as a reducing and capping agent. The total parts of the plant were extracted from an aqueous solution (FerEX) and characterized using GC/MS apparatus. The Fer@AgNP and chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were characterized using UV‐vis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies, field emission‐scanning transmission electron microscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction analysis, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The impacts of nanoparticles and FerEX were evaluated against four pathogenic bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Enterococcus faecalis, using the microdilution method. The biocompatibility of compounds was also evaluated on human cell line L‐929 using MTT and human blood cells using the hemolytic assay. The major compounds found in FerEX were sulfur‐containing compounds such as butyl disulfides (45.36%) and monoterpenes such as α ‐pinene (25.66%), β ‐pinene (16.31%), and ocimene (7.26%). The characterizations of materials confirmed the hexagonal structure of AgNPs. The sizes of cAgNP and Fer@AgNP were about 42.7 nm and 22.5 nm. The antimicrobial activity of Fer@AgNP was considerably developed and reached MIC values ranging from 10 to 50 μ g/mL compared to AgNP, which showed MIC values ranging from 50 to 100 μ g/mL. The biocompatibility assessment showed that the Fer@AgNP was improved compared to AgNP and had a minimal toxic impact on the normal fibroblast cell line. The Fer@AgNP also indicated outstanding compatibility with human RBCs. The results illustrated that biosynthesized Fer@AgNPs have improved antimicrobial efficacy against Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive pathogenic bacteria with promising biocompatibility and can be used as potential antibacterial agents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".