Photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac using hybrid<scp>MIL</scp>‐53(Al)@<scp>TiO<sub>2</sub></scp>and<scp>MIL</scp>‐53(Al)@<scp>ZnO</scp>catalysts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this work, TiO2and ZnO were incorporated successfully into a MIL‐53(Al) metal–organic framework (MOF) to form nanocomposites via a facile post‐modification technique. The hybrid MIL‐53(Al)@TiO2and MIL‐53(Al)@ZnO were characterized by several characterization tests. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR), and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) analyses showed evidence of the successful incorporation of TiO2and ZnO within the MIL‐53(Al) framework. The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis demonstrated the excellent thermal stability of MIL‐53(Al)@TiO2and MIL‐53(Al)@ZnO, while diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) determined the direct optical band gaps of MIL‐53(Al)@ZnO and MIL‐53(Al)@TiO2to be 3.24 and 3.34 eV, respectively. The composites were also tested for the photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac (DCF) as a micropollutant. The DCF degradation efficiency of the photocatalysts was ranked in the following order: MIL‐53(Al)@TiO2 > MIL‐53(Al) > TiO2 > ZnO > MIL‐53(Al)@ZnO. The incorporation of TiO2enhanced the optical properties of MIL‐53 (Al), which was confirmed with the superior photodegradation efficiency of MIL‐53(Al)@TiO2(>85% in 2 h) as compared to the pristine MIL‐53(Al) (around 80% in 2 h). The improvement in the photodegradation of the hybrid‐MOF is mostly associated with the possible dual function of the adsorption and photodegradation mechanisms. The reusability of MIL‐53(Al) and its composites was inspected over 3 cycles of photodegradation experiments with DCF. The photocatalytic activity of MIL‐53(Al)@TiO2remained unchanged (>90%), while for MIL‐53(Al) and MIL‐53(Al)@ZnO a slight drop was observed over three cyclic degradation experiments. Fluorescence measurements revealed that the hydroxyl radical is an important reactive oxygen species produced by all the photocatalysts that aid in the photodegradation of DCF. Furthermore, the kinetic modelling of the photoreaction identified a second‐order kinetics for all catalysts. Experiments with scavengers showed that hydroxyl radicals played a major role in the photocatalytic process, and it was found that only 2 h of treatment was sufficient to obtain a considerable chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of 58%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".