Robust Defibrillator Deployment Under Cardiac Arrest Location\n Uncertainty via Row-and-Column Generation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sudden cardiac arrest is a significant public health concern. Successful\ntreatment of cardiac arrest is extremely time sensitive, and use of an\nautomated external defibrillator (AED) where possible significantly increases\nthe probability of survival. Placement of AEDs in public locations can improve\nsurvival by enabling bystanders to treat victims of cardiac arrest prior to the\narrival of emergency medical responders. However, since the exact locations of\nfuture cardiac arrests cannot be known a priori, AEDs must be placed\nstrategically in public locations to ensure their accessibility in the event of\nan out-of-hospital cardiac arrest emergency. In this paper, we propose a\ndata-driven optimization model for deploying AEDs in public spaces while\naccounting for uncertainty in future cardiac arrest locations. Our approach\ninvolves discretizing a continuous service area into a large set of scenarios,\nwhere the probability of cardiac arrest at each location is itself uncertain.\nWe model uncertainty in the spatial risk of cardiac arrest using a polyhedral\nuncertainty set that we calibrate using historical cardiac arrest data. We\npropose a solution technique based on row-and-column generation that exploits\nthe structure of the uncertainty set, allowing the algorithm to scale\ngracefully with the total number of scenarios. Using real cardiac arrest data\nfrom the City of Toronto, we conduct an extensive numerical study on AED\ndeployment public locations. We find that hedging against cardiac arrest\nlocation uncertainty can produce AED deployments that outperform a intuitive\nsample average approximation by 9 to 15%, and cuts the performance gap with\nrespect to an ex-post model by half. Our findings suggest that accounting for\ncardiac arrest location uncertainty can lead to improved accessibility of AEDs\nduring cardiac arrest emergencies and the potential for improved survival\noutcomes.\n
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".