Epidemiology and composition of nephrolithiasis in a Lebanese tertiary care center
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Nephrolithiasis is a common affliction with a prevalence of 12% in men and 7% in women. The incidence rate diverges with geographic location. Arab countries report high nephrolithiasis prevalence rates, with Saudi Arabia being the highest (20.1%). To date, there is little knowledge about the demographics and composition of stones in Lebanon. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on stone composition at the American University of Beirut Medical Center, between 2005 and 2018. Patients' demographics and stone characteristics were obtained from electronic medical records. Analysis of frequencies and Chi-square test were adopted for potential risk factor correlations by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: A total of 626 stone analyses were performed. Male patients predominated (69%). The mean age was 46.58 ± 16.5 years, and mean body mass index was 28.63 ± 5.6, for both sexes. Calcium oxalate was the most predominant stone in both sexes (70%). Uric acid stones followed (~16%), and calcium oxalate phosphate stones were the third most common (5%). Incidence of kidney stones peaks in the summer, with 11.86% presenting in July. Around 60% presented with flank pain to the Emergency Department, and 32% ended up with spontaneous passage of stones by medical expulsive therapies alone, with no further surgical intervention. Diabetes and hypertension were significantly correlated with stone recurrence in our cohort. Conclusion: There is a significant gender disparity in stone prevalence in Lebanon. Calcium oxalate is the most common type in both sexes. Future investigations of dietary and environmental factors are recommended from our region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".