'Radicalism and Patrician Conservatism in Aotearoa New Zealand: The Case of William Downie Stewart Jr.'
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this article, I analyse the conservatism of William Downie Stewart Jr. (1878–1949), a prominent Aotearoa New Zealand statesman and historian. The existing historiography is ambiguous: Stewart has been called the last influential patrician politician in Aotearoa New Zealand, and yet his radical tendencies have sparked disagreement about whether he really merits the label ‘conservative’. This disagreement is symptomatic of a larger debate over the existence of other Aotearoa New Zealand patrician conservatives with radical views. I argue that the radicalism of Stewart and his fellows stemmed from their desire to create a Better Britain in the Antipodes. However, I argue that they were still conservatives because they sought to defend their Better Britain from forces that risked undermining it. To help elucidate this point, I briefly draw on the experience of Canadian Red Toryism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.036 | 0.034 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".