Detection of a Pair Density Wave State in UTe2
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Although UTe2 is a very promising candidate material to embody bulk topological superconductivity, its superconductive order-parameter ∆(k) remains unknown. Many diverse forms for ∆(k) are physically possible because, in uranium-based heavy fermion materials, strongly hybridized flat bands of composite fermions generate highly complex interactions. Moreover, in such materials intertwined density waves of spin (SDW), charge (CDW) and pairs (PDW) may interpose, with the latter state exhibiting spatially modulating, superconductive order-parameter ∆(r), electron pair density and pairing energy gap. Hence, the newly discovered CDW state in UTe2 motivates the exciting prospect that a PDW state may exist in this material. To search for a PDW in UTe2, we visualize the pairing energy-gap with μV-scale energy-resolution made possible by superconductive STM tips at subkelvin temperatures. We detect three PDWs, each with peak-peak gap modulations circa 10 μeV and at incommensurate wavevectors P_(i=1,2,3) that are indistinguishable from the wavevectors Q_(i=1,2,3) of the prevenient CDW. Concurrent visualization of the UTe2 superconductive PDWs and the non-superconductive CDWs reveals that every Pi: Qi pair is registered to each other spatially, but with a relative phase δϕ≈π. From these observations, and given UTe2 as a spin-triplet superconductor, the PDW state detected here should be a spin-triplet pair density wave. While such states do exist in superfluid 3He, for superconductors they are unprecedented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".